ТЕМА ВОЙНЫ И СМЕРТИ В ФОТОГРАФИИ И ЖИВОПИСИ: НЕРАЗРЕШЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ (XX–XXI ВЕКА)
Аннотация
Данная статья посвящена выявлению значения темы войны в фотографии и живописи. На примерах произведений фотографов и живописцев (Роберта Капы, Василия Верещагина, Георга Гросса и др.) выявляются идеи и сюжеты для раскрытия сущности войны (гибели, смерти, разрушений, ужасов, побед и поражений, политических, символических, морально-психологических аспектов), представлений о войне, зафиксированных сознательно или спонтанно в творчестве художников. Вскрываются способы изображения войны в фотографии (постановочное фото, фоторепортаж, фотомонтаж, кадрирование и др.) и в живописи (например, в батальном жанре: Франц Рубо, Рудольф Френц и др.), в современном искусстве (перформанс «Кости войны» («Балканское барокко») Марины Абрамович (1997) и др.). Выявляются особенности трактовки темы войны в классическом искусстве и современном. Современное искусство расширило возможности выражения индивидуальной позиции художника в вопросах войны и смерти, отношения к страданиям человеческого тела, опираясь на опыт христианского искусства. В статье вскрываются как общие аспекты изучения темы, характерные для живописи и фотографии (как правило, это решение через сюжет в конкретно-историческом ключе); так и частные, связанные с метафорико-символической ассоциативностью современного искусства.
Литература
Barkhatova, E. V. (2009) Russkaia svetopis’. Pervyi vek fotoiskusstva 1839–1914 [Russian Light Painting. The First Century of Photography 1839–1914]. Saint Petersburg: Liki Rossii Publ. (in Russian)
Boris, L. (tr.) (2011) Istoriia fotografii: S 1839 goda do nashikh dnei [History of Photography: From 1839 to the Present Day]. Moscow: Art-Rodnik Publ. (in Russian)
Breisgerdl, E. et al. (2020) Fotografiia. Vsemirnaia istoriia [Photography. All-World History]. Moscow: MAGMA Publ. (in Russian)
Brodskii, V. Ia. (1950) Sovetskaia batal’naia zhivopis’ [Soviet Battle Painting]. Moscow; Leningrad: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Bustelo, G. (2005) Robert Capa: Obra fotográfica. London; New York: Phaidon.
Chervonnaia, S. M. (1985) O revoliutsii, o voine i mire, o rodnoi zemle: Ocherki razvitiia sovetskogo izobrazitel’nogo iskusstva na sovremennom etape [About Revolution, about War and Peace, about Native Land: Essays on the Development of Soviet Fine Arts at the Present Stage]. Moscow: Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Druzhinkina, N. G. (2021) ‘Actualization of Heritage and Modern Interpretations of the Theme of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) in the Work of St. Petersburg Artists’, in Krol’, T. A., Pashinskaia, L. A. (ed.) Den’ Pobedy. Zhivopis’. Grafika. Fotografiia. Skul’ptura. Monumental’noe iskusstvo. Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo. Keramika. Plakat. Ikonopis’. Kritika i iskusstvovedenie. Installiatsiia. Arkhiv: katalog vystavki [Victory Day. Painting. Graphics. Photo. Sculpture. Monumental Art. Decorative and Applied Art. Ceramics. Poster. Iconography. Criticism and Art History. Installation. Archive: exhibition catalog]. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Union of Artists Publ., pp. 5–68. (in Russian)
Fedotova, E. D. (2001) Beklin [Böcklin]. Moscow: Belyi Gorod Publ. (in Russian)
Fotografii XX veka. Muzei Liudviga v Kel’ne [20th-Century Photographs. Museum Ludwig in Cologne] (2008). Moscow: AST Publ. (in Russian)
Garen, E. (1986) Problemy ital’ianskogo Vozrozhdeniia [Issues of the Italian Renaissance]. Moscow: Progress Publ. (in Russian)
German, M. Iu. (2013) Pikasso: Put’ k triumfu [Picasso: the Path to Triumph]. Moscow: Iskusstvo — XXI vek Publ. (in Russian)
Golomshtok, I. N. (1994) Totalitarnoe iskusstvo [Totalitarian Art]. Moscow: Galart Publ. (in Russian)
Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii: perekrestok mnenii [Civil War in Russia: a Crossroads of Opinions] (1994). Moscow: Nauka Publ. (in Russian)
Iumatov, V. A. (1981) Moskovskie khudozhniki Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: Vospominaniia. Pis’ma. Stat’i [Moscow Artists of the Great Patriotic War: Memoirs. Letters. Articles]. Moscow: Sovetskii khudozhnik Publ. (in Russian)
Jírů, V (1972). Současná sovětská fotografie. Praha: Odeon. (in Czech)
Kaptereva, T. P.(1965) El’ Greko : monograficheskii ocherk [El Greco: Monographic Essay]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Kaufman, R. S. (1951) Sovetskaia tematicheskaia kartina. 1917–1941 [Soviet Thematic Picture. 1917–1941]. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR Publ. (in Russian)
Kershaw, A. (2003) Blood and Сhampagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa. New York: Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin’s Press.
Khalaminskii, Iu. Ia. (1959) D. A. Shmarinov. Moscow: Sovetskii khudozhnik Publ. (in Russian)
Khudozhniki goroda-fronta: Vospominaniia i dnevniki leningradskikh khudozhnikov [Artists of the Front City: Memoirs and Diaries of Leningrad Artists] (1973). Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR Publ. (in Russian)
Korben, A. et al. (ed.) (2014) Istoriia tela: V 3 t. T. 2: Ot Velikoi frantsuzskoi revoliutsii do Pervoi mirovoi voiny [History of the Body: in 3 vols. Vol. 2: From the French Revolution to the First World War]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ. (in Russian)
Korben, A. et al. (ed.) (2016) Istoriia tela: V 3 t. T. 2: Peremena vzgliada: 20 vek [History of the Body: in 3 vols. Vol. 3: Change of View: 20th Century]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ. (in Russian)
Koroleva, A. (2007) Diurer [Dürer]. Moscow: Olma-Press Publ. (in Russian)
Kozlova, O. T. (1994) Fotorealizm [Photorealism]. Moscow: Galart Publ. (in Russian)
Kukryniksy (1975) Vtroem [The Three of Us]. Moscow: Sovetskii khudozhnik Publ. (in Russian)
Lacouture, J. (1988) Robert Capa. Paris: Centre National de la Photographie.
Lebedev, A. K. (1972) V. V. Vereshchagin. Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo [V. V. Vereshchagin. Life and Art]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Lebedev, A. K., Solodovnikov, A. V. (1987) Vasilii Vasil’evich Vereshchagin [Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin]. Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR Publ. (in Russian)
Levashov, V. (2012) Lektsii po istorii fotografii [Lectures on the History of Photography]. Moscow: Trimedia Kontent Publ. (in Russian)
Libman, M. Ia. (1972) Diurer i ego epokha : Zhivopis’ i grafika Germanii kontsa 15 i pervoi poloviny 16 veka: K 500-letiiu Al’brekhta Diurera, 1471–1971 [Dürer and His Era: Painting and Graphics in Germany at the End of the 15th and First Half of the 16th Century: On the 500th Anniversary of Albrecht Dürer, 1471–1971]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Matsa, I. L. (1959) A. Deineka. Moscow: Sovetskii khudozhnik Publ. (in Russian)
Nadezhdin, N. Ia. (2011) Pablo Pikasso: “Plamia Gerniki”: Biograficheskie rasskazy [Pablo Picasso: “The Flame of Guernica”: Biographical Stories]. Moscow: Maior; A. I. Osipenko Publ. (in Russian)
Nikiforov, B. M. (1937) A. Deineka. Leningrad: Izogiz Publ. (in Russian)
Palmier, J.-M. (2006) Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America. London: Verso.
Paskale, de E. (2008) Smert’ i voskresenie v proizvedeniiakh izobrazitel’nogo iskusstva [Death and Resurrection in Works of Fine Arts]. Moscow: Omega Publ. (in Russian)
Pavlov, P. A. (1989) Razvitie obrazno-plasticheskoi struktury sovremennoi sovetskoi zhivopisi (konets 1950-kh — 1970-e gody) [The Development of the Figurative-Plastic Structure of Modern Soviet Painting (Late 1950s – 1970s)]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. (in Russian)
Pimenov, R. I. (1998) Rossiia bez tsentral’noi vlasti (1917–1921) [Russia without a Central Government (1917–1921)]. Saint Petersburg-Syktyvkar. (in Russian)
Prokov, B. (1979) Boris Prorokov. O vremeni i o sebe [Boris Prorokov. About Time and Myself]. Moscow: Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Rakova, M. M. (1979) Russkaia istoricheskaia zhivopis’ serediny 19 veka [Russian Historical Painting in the Middle of the 19th Century]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Sabarsky, S. (1985) Egon Schiele. New York: Rizzoli.
Sadoven’, V. Russkie khudozhniki-batalisty 18–19 vv [Russian Battle Painters of the 18th–19th Centuries]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Samsonov, A. M. (1985) Vtoraia mirovaia voina [World War II]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. (in Russian)
Slobodin, V. P. (1999) Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii (1917–1922) [The Civil War in Russia (1917–1922)]. Moscow: MYuI MVD Rossii Publ. (in Russian)
Sokolov, A. K. (1994) Lektsii po Sovetskoi istorii. Chast’ 1: Stanovlenie Sovetskoi sistemy. 1917–1921 [Lectures on Soviet History. Part 1: Formation of the Soviet System. 1917–1921]. Moscow: RAN Publ. (in Russian)
Sontag, S. (2014) Smotrim na chuzhie stradaniia [Looking at Other People’s Suffering]. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press Publ. (in Russian)
Stranitsy nezabyvaemogo: 50 let velikoi pobedy [Pages of the Unforgettable: 50 years of the Great Victory] (1996). Saint Petersburg: In-t im. I. E. Repina Publ. (in Russian)
Suzdalev, P. K. (1966) Sovetskoe iskusstvo perioda Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Soviet Art of the Great Patriotic War]. Moscow: Sovetskii khudozhnik Publ. (in Russian)
Sysoev, V. P. (1982) A. Deineka. Leningrad: Avrora Publ. (in Russian)
Vereshchagin, A. S. (1998) Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii 1917–1922 [The Civil War in Russia 1917–1922]. Ufa: UGNTU Publ. (in Russian)
Vereshchagina, A. G. (1973) Khudozhnik. Vremia. Istoriia. Ocherki russkoi istoricheskoi zhivopisi 19 – nachala 20 veka [Artist. Time. History. Essays on Russian Historical Painting in the 18th – the Early 20th Centuries]. Leningrad: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Vereshchagina, A. G. (1990) Istoricheskaia kartina v russkom iskusstve. 60-e gody 19 veka [Historical Painting in Russian Art. The 1960s]. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ. (in Russian)
Whelan, R. (1985) Robert Capa: A Biography. New York: Knopf.
