АНСАМБЛЬ ДВОРЦОВОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ В КОНЦЕ XIX — НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА. НОВЫЕ ЧЕРТЫ, РЕСТАВРАЦИИ, ПРОЕКТ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ
Аннотация
Статья посвящена недостаточно освещенным в литературе изменениям, которые происходили с ансамблем Дворцовой площади в конце XIX — начале XX вв. На первый взгляд может показаться, что ансамбль совсем не изменился после того, как завершилось его формирование в середине XIX в. Однако внимательное изучение архивных документов, рукописных и опубликованных исследований показало, что время внесло заметные коррективы в облик этого градостроительного шедевра. Во второй половине XIX — начале XX вв. проявился интерес представителей Двора и интеллигенции к стилистическим особенностям зданий на Дворцовой площади, которую стали рассматривать как архитектурное наследие Санкт-Петербурга. Появление в ансамбле новых ярких деталей «в духе Растрелли» (ограды Собственного сада с эффектной решеткой, металлических ворот въездных арок, ограждений пандусов) усилило восприятие современниками Зимнего дворца как исторической резиденции русских монархов. Однако вопреки историческим данным, в этот период был существенно изменен цвет фасадов построек на Дворцовой площади, ряд утраченных архитектурных деталей и элементов декора заменили копиями, отличавшимися от оригиналов как материалом, так и стилистикой исполнения. На внешний облик одного из важнейших столичных ансамблей в начале XX в. в первую очередь влияли личные представления о красоте, архитектурных стилях и их особенностях представителей высшей власти государства и ответственных за ремонты этих построек лиц. В конце XIX — начале XX вв. к ансамблю вплотную подступили садовые массивы, что повлияло на его положение в городской среде. Существовал нереализованный проект кардинальной реконструкции самого пространства площади, на которой планировалось устроить цветники, установить фонтаны и посадить деревья. Изменения, произошедшие с ансамблем Дворцовой площади в конце XIX — начале XX вв., придали ему новые черты и оставили в его облике след своей эпохи.
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Manuscripts
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Markov, Iu. G. (1994) Zdanie byvshikh Grazhdanskikh ministerstv (vostochnoe krylo Glavnogo shtaba). Istoricheskaia spravka [The Building of the Former Civil Ministries (East Wing of the General Staff)]. Saint Petersburg: Archive of the State Hermitage Architectural Service (without a number). (in Russian)
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Archival records (Russian State Historical Archive)
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RGIA. F. 475. Op.1. D. 425. O perekraske fasadov Zimnego dvortsa i Malogo Ermitazha [On the Repainting of the Facades of the Winter Palace and the Small Hermitage]. 1901. (in Russian)
RGIA. F. 475. Op. 1. D. 534. Ob okraske Zimnego dvortsa v bolee svetlyi ton [On Painting the Winter Palace in a Lighter Tone]. 1911. (in Russian)
RGIA. F. 485. Op. 2. D. 410. Kramskoi N. I. Proekt okraski Zimnego dvortsa v ton novoi ogrady [Project for Painting the Winter Palace to Match the New Fence]. 1901. (in Russian)
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