ВЫКЛАДНЫЕ ПЛИНФЯНЫЕ КРЕСТЫ В ДЕКОРЕ ХРАМОВ ДОМОНГОЛЬСКОЙ РУСИ
Аннотация
Одной из форм керамопластического декора фасадов древнерусских храмов были плинфяные выкладные кресты, которые зафиксированы на стенах храмов в Киевской, Черниговской, Смоленской и Новгородской землях. Все они делятся на две группы на основании того, как именно выполнены их изображения: контур с заполнением середины или тонкая схематичная линия. Кресты обеих групп относятся к двум основным типам: четырех- и шестиконечные. Размещение их на фасадах памятников в XI–XII вв. свидетельствует, что такой способ декора был достаточно устойчивой традицией, сохранявшейся при смене стилей архитектуры на протяжении двух столетий. Собранные по внешним признакам в группы кресты, оказалось, различаются и по времени, и по типу кладки, в которую они были вставлены. Эти группы коррелируют с синхронными им выкладками на фасадах византийских храмов. Кресты 1-й группы (широкие, с внутренней областью) схожи с выкладками в Константинополе и на Островах (в частности, Неа Мони), кресты 2-й группы (узкие, контурные) являются аналогами синхронных им выкладок Греции. Византийские кресты на стенах являются единичными вставками, кресты храмов Руси в основном — частью композиции. На стенах византийских храмов плинфяные кресты обычно встречаются раз или два во всем декоре экстерьера памятника, причем почти всегда они помещены в ромбовидную рамку. Почти все они линейные, без внутренней области; контурные кресты с заполнением центра раствором редки и встречаются на памятниках Константинополя и Архипелага. При этом место выкладных крестов в общей системе фасадной декорации на Руси было переосмыслено, а формы их, отличаясь от византийских фасадных крестов, были аналогичны формам произведений мелкой пластики, бывших в употреблении на Руси.
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