«РАЙСКИЕ» ВОРОТА ПЕТРОПАВЛОВСКОЙ КРЕПОСТИ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА
Аннотация
Рукопись «О зачатии и здании царствующего града Санкт-Петербурга», хранящаяся в Эрмитажном собрании Отдела рукописей Российской национальной библиотеки, свидетельствует, что во время церемонии закладки города — 16 мая 1703 г. — Петр I сам определил место для его ворот (между Государевым и Меншиковым раскатами) и прообразовал их аркой из связанных вершинами берез. Этот образ-символ — ключ к пониманию и первой (1707–1708), и второй (1716–1718) программ ворот, в которых при перемене скульптурного декора была сохранена, как смыслообразующая, композиция аттика «Спор апостолов Петра и Павла с Симоном-волхвом». Семиотический анализ программ ворот приводит к выводу о том, что ворота, традиционно называемые «Петровскими», по смыслу — врата «Райские»: поэтому на них и была помещена скульптура апостола Петра — привратника Царства Небесного. Предлагаемая статья подтверждает, насколько это возможно, «книжный» характер рукописи «О зачатии и здании царствующего града Санкт-Петербурга» и несомненную значимость ее свидетельств; истолковывает символическую программу Петровских ворот Петропавловской крепости в исторической перспективе.
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